01+Introduction+to+Chemistry

=**Objectives**= 1.1 Chemistry 1.2 Chemistry Far and Wide 1.3 Thinking Like a Scientist 1.4 Problem Solving in Chemistry
 * Why is the scope of chemistry so vast?
 * What are five traditional areas of study in chemistry?
 * How are pure and applied chemistry related?
 * What are three general reasons to study chemistry?
 * What impact do chemists have on materials, energy, medicine, agriculture, the environment, and the study of the universe?
 * How did alchemy lay the groundwork for chemistry
 * How did Lavoisier help to transform chemistry?
 * What are the steps in the scientific method?
 * What role do collaboration and communication play in science?
 * What is a general approach to solving a problem?
 * What are the three steps for solving numeric problems?
 * What are the two steps for solving conceptual problems?

=**Outlined Notes**=

1.1 Chemistry A. Why Study Chemistry 1. Because living and nonliving things are made of matter chemistry affects all aspects of life and most natural events. a. matter- is anything that has mass and occupies space. b. chemistry- is the study of the composition of matter and the changes that matter undergoes. B. Areas of Study 1.__Organic Chemistry__-The study of all chemicals containing carbon. (a) Athletes inhale chemicals developed by organic chemists to control symptoms of asthma. 2.__Inorganic Chemistry-__ The study of chemicals, that in general, do not contain carbon. (a) An inorganic chemist might explain how a lack of calcium can affect the growth and repair of bones. 3.__Biochemistry-__ The study of processes that take place in organisms. (a) A biochemit might study how the energy used for the contraction of muscles is produced and stored. 4.__Analytical Chemistry-__ The area of study that focuses on the composition of matter. (a) Analytical chemists develope tests to detect chemicals in the blood. These test help to show if organs in the body are working properly. 5.__Physical Chemistry__- The area of study that deals with the mechanism, the rate, and the energy transfer that occurs when matter undergoes a change. (a) A physical chemist might study the factors that affect breathing rates during exercise.

II. Chemistry Far and Wide A. Materials B. Energy 2. Production 3. Storage C. Medicine and Biotechnology 1. Medicines 2. Materials 3. Biotechnology- applies science to the production of biological products or processes D. Agriculture 1. Productivity 2. Crop Protection E. The Environment 1. pollutant- a material found in air, water, or soil that is harmful to humans or other organisms 2. Identify pollutants 3. Prevent pollution F. The Universe 1. To study the universe, chemists gather data from afar and analyze matter that is brought back to Earth
 * 1) Macroscopic- the world of objects that are large enough to see with the unaided eye
 * 2) Microscopic- the world of objects that can be seen only under magnification
 * 1) Conservation
 * Insulation acts as a barries to heat flow from the inside to the outside of a house or from the outside to the inside of a freezer
 * fossil fuels are limited and are major sources of energy
 * Batteries use chemicals to store energy
 * rechargable batteries don't need to be thrown away
 * Chemisty provides the medicines, materials, and technology the doctors use to treat their patients
 * There are over 2000 prescription drugs that are designed to treat various conditions including infections, HBP, and depression
 * they interact in a specific way with chemicals in cells
 * materials can repair or replace body parts
 * this uses techniques that can alter the DNA in living organisms
 * Chemists help to develop more productive crops and safer, more effective ways to protect crops
 * the amount of edible food that is grown on a unit of land
 * poor soil quality, lack of water, weeds, plant diseases, and pests that eat crops are decreasers.
 * conserve water
 * Chemists sometimes use chemicals from insects to fight insect pests
 * Lead causes brain damage
 * testing children's blood for lead, regulation of home sales to families with young children, & public awareness campaigns with posters

A. Alchemy 1. The word chemistry comes from alchemy. a. Alchemists developed the tools and techniques for working with chemicals. b. Alchemists developed processes for separating mixtures and purifying chemicals. c. They designed equipment that is still used today. II. An Experimental Approach to Science 2. By the 1500s in Europe, there was a shift from alchemy to science. a. Science flourished in Britain in the 1600s. b. With King Charles II's permission, some scientists formed the Royal Society of London for the Promotion of Natural Knowledge. III. The Scientific Method 1. Scientific Method- a logicalm systematic approach to the solution of a science problem. 2. Making Observations a. Observation- Using your senses to obtain information. b. An observation can lead to a question. 3. Testing Hypothesis a. Hypothesis- A proposed explanation for an observation. b. Experiment- A procedure that is used to test a hypothesis. c. Manipulated Variable- Independent variable 4. Developing Theories a. Theory- A well-tested explanation for a broad set of observations. 5. Scientific Laws a. Scientific Law- A concise statement that summarizes the results of many observations and experiments. IV. Collaboration and Communication 1. When scientists choose to collaborate and communicate, they increase the likelihood of a successful outcome. 2. Collaboration a. Scientists choose to collaborate for different reasons. 3. Communication a. The internet is a major source of information. b. Today many scientists work as a team.
 * 1.3 Thinking like a Scientist**

A. Skills used in Problem Solving -Effective problem solving always involves developing a plan and then implementing that plan. B. Solving Numeric Problems -The steps for solving a numeric word problem are analyze, calculate, and evaluate. 1. Analyze --> 2. Calculate --> 3. Evaluate 1. Analyze -To solve a word problem, you must first determine where you are stating from (identify what is known) and where you are going (identify the unknown). -After you identify them, make a plan. 2. Calculate -If you make an effective plan, doing the calculation is usually the easiest part of the process. 3. Evaluate -Check that your answer is reasonable and makes sense. Check that it has the correct unit and the correct number of significant figures. ALWAYS SHOW YOUR WORK! C. Solving Conceptual Problems -The steps are to: 1. Analyse --> 2. Solve -independent variable- have control over -intervals- round down, make it easy to count extrapolation- beyond your data
 * 1.4 Problem Solving in Chemistry**

=**Reference Pages **=













=||~ Prefix ||~ Abbreviation ||~ Meaning ||~ Example || || mega- || M || 106 || 1 megameter (Mm)= 1 x 106 m || || kilo- || k || 103 || 1 kilogram (kg) = 1 x 103 g || || centi- || c || 10**-**2 || 1 centimeter (cm) = 1 x 10**-**2 m || || milli- || m || 10**-**3 || 1 milligram (mg) = 1 x 10**-**3 g || || micro- || || 10**-**6 || 1 micrometer (g) = 1 x 10**-**6 g || || nano- || n || 10**-**9 || 1 nanogram (ng) = 1 x 10**-**9 g || **Practice Problems**=

=**Assignments**=

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