23+Functional+Groups

=Objectives= -How are organic compounds classified? -What is a halocarbon? -How may halocarbons be prepared? -How are alcohols classified and named? -How does the solubility of an alcohol vary with the length of its carbon chain? -What reactions of alkenes may be used to introduce functional groups into organic molecules? -What is the general structure of an ether and how are their alkyl groups named? -What is the structure of a carbonyl group found in aldehydes and ketones? -What is the general formula for a carboxylic acid? -What is the general structure of an ester? -Why is dehydrogenation an oxidation reaction? -How does an addition polymer form? -How are condensation polymers formed?

=Outlined Notes= I. Intro To Functional Groups A. Functional Groups 1. specific arrangement of atoms in an organic compound thats capable of characteristics of chemical reactions; the chemistry of an organic compound is determined by its functional groups a. backbone of a hydrocarbon is relatively unreactive b. substituents attached is basis for most organic chemistry
 * = **__Functional Group__** ||= **__Compound Type__** ||= **__Compound Structure__** ||
 * = Halogen ||= Halocarbon ||= Any hydrogen replaced by a halogen ||
 * = Hydroxyl ||= Alcohol ||= R-OH ||
 * = Ether ||= Ether ||= R-O-R ||
 * = Carbonyl ||= Aldehyde ||= R-C--(double bonded O)-H ||
 * = Carbonyl ||= Ketone ||= R-C--(db O)-R ||
 * = Carboxyl ||= Carboxylic Acid ||= R-C--(db O)-OH ||
 * = Ester ||= Ester ||= R-C--(db O)-O-R ||
 * = Amino ||= Amine ||= R-NH2 ||
 * = Amide ||= Amide ||= R-C--(db O)-NH2 ||

//Common Functional Groups//


 * //Functional Group// ||  || //Name// ||   || //Example// ||
 * [[image:http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/2organic/graphics/4.gif width="69" height="69" align="center"]] ||  || Alkane ||   || CH3CH2CH3 (propane) ||
 * [[image:http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/2organic/graphics/5.gif width="41" height="14" align="center"]] ||  || Alkene ||   || CH3CH=CH2 (propene) ||
 * [[image:http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/2organic/graphics/6.gif width="51" height="14" align="center"]] ||  || Alkyne ||   || CH3C [[image:http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/2organic/graphics/eqeqeq.gif width="11" height="10" align="center"]]

CH (propyne) ||
 * F, Cl, Br, or I ||  || Alkyl halide ||   || CH3Br (methyl bromide) ||
 * [[image:http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/2organic/graphics/7.gif width="50" height="14" align="center"]] ||  || Alcohol ||   || CH3CH2OH (ethanol) ||
 * [[image:http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/2organic/graphics/8.gif width="69" height="14" align="center"]] ||  || Ether ||   || CH3OCH3 (dimethyl ether) ||
 * [[image:http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/2organic/graphics/9.gif width="55" height="17" align="center"]] ||  || Amine ||   || CH3NH2 (methyl amine) ||

B. Halogen Substituents a. __halocarbon__- one or more of H atoms has been replaced of a halogen atom -example: F, Cl, Br, I, At 1. Naming a. Add the halogen root to the beginning of the hydrocarbon's name -example: Butane with 1 fluorine atom= fluorobutane -example: Propane with 2 fluorine atoms= difluoropropane -example: Pentane with 1 chlorine and 2 fluorine atoms= chlorodifluoropentane 2. Properties a. Can be slightly polar b. Well known one CFC: once used as aerosol propellant and refridgerant -ozone destroyer c. Industrial and household solvents C. Substitution Reactions a. __substitution reaction-__ atom/group of atoms, replaces another atom/group of atoms -example: CH II. Alcohol and Ethers A. Alcohols a. One or more H atoms replaced by an OH group 1. Naming a. Add the word alcohol or the suffix -ol to the root hydrocarbon (ethane-->ethanol) B. Properties a. Small molecules alcohols are polar and therefore dissolve in water b. __ethanol-__"grain alcohol" -made by fermentation of sugar by enzymes -depressant -toxic, fatal in large doses -abuse before the age of 28 damages brain development -continiuous use damages liver c. __methanol-__ "wood alcohol" -toxic -blindness at 10 mL -death at 30 mL (2 tablespoons) d. Denatured alcohol is mostly ethanol with methanol added to make it more toxic -used in industry and lab e. __isopropyl alcohol-__ "rubbing alcohol" -colorless, odorless, boiling point=82C -used in: antiseptics, perfumes, creams, lotion, cosmetics -toxic f. Ethylene Glycol -automotive use: antifreeze -50/50 mix with water will freeze at -36C -tastes sweet -TOXIC!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! -has 2 alcohol functional groups, one on each end -made from ethylene, H2C=CH2 C. Ethers 1. *Oxygen links 2 carbon backbones 2. Naming: Carbon backbones are listed in alphabetical order with a -yl ending and are followed by the word ether a. C-C-C-C-O-C-C butyl ethyl ether 3. Examples a. C-C-O-C-C diethyl ether or ethyl ether 1) Anesthetic from 1849 to approximately 1960 b. Gasoline, as discussed in the previous lecture, contains mostly hydrocarbons. However, some things are added to gasoline in order to make it function better. MTBE (methyl tert-butyl ether) is a gasoline additive which increases the octane rating and helps eliminate knocking. It contains an ether functional group. III. Carbonyl Compounds A. Aldehydes and Ketones 1. Carbonyl group= double bonded oxygen attached to a carbon a. Aldehydes= double bonded oxygen is attached to the end of the carbon backbone. b. Ketones= double bonded oxygen attached to carbon along backbone 2. Properties a. The oxygen will create a polar attraction giving both compounds higher boiling points than their parent alkanes 3. Uses of Aldehydes a. Formaldehyde is used as an mbalming fluid, and to preserve animal specimans and tissues.


 * PICTURES**

typical structures, that are real medicines



Typical structures, and examples of real world things NHH

A list of functional groups NHH.



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