22+Hydrocarbon+Compounds

- Carbonates (CO3, HCO3) 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5
 * ObjectivesThis unit is primarily focusing on the chemistry of **carbon** compunds, also known as organic compounds.
 * Exceptions - carbon oxides (CO2, CO, etc.)
 * ObjectivesThis unit is primarily focusing on the chemistry of **carbon** compunds, also known as organic compounds.
 * Exceptions - carbon oxides (CO2, CO, etc.)
 * How is the number of valence electrons in carbon atoms related to the bonds that carbon atoms form?
 * What are two possible arrangements of carbon atoms in an alkane?
 * In terms of their polarity, what type of molecules are alkanes?
 * What are the structural characteristics of alkenes?
 * What are the structural characteristics of alkynes?
 * How do the properties of structural isomers differ?
 * What are the two types of stereoisomers?
 * What is the general structure of cyclic hydrocarbons?
 * What is the most accurate description of the bonding in a benzene ring?
 * What type of hydrocarbons are in natural gas?
 * What is the first step in the refining of petroleum?
 * How is coal classified?
 * What is the chemical composition of coal?

=Outlined Notes=
 * Why is organic chemistry so important?**
 * Many of the compounds that surround us in everyday life are made up of organic compounds. Sound are found naturally, while others are produced synthetically.

>Carbon has 4 electrons in its outter shell, so it can form 4 (and only 4) bonds with other elements. Hydrogen atoms usually attach to the carbons. >Each carbon atom when singly-bonded has a tetrahedral geometry.
 * What are organic compounds primarily made of?**
 * Organic compounds are mostly made of two types of atoms. They are **carbon** and **hydrogen.**
 * **Hydrocarbon-** __An organic compound with hydrogen and carbon in it.__
 * Carbon atoms can form 4 covalent bonds with other carbon atoms! The end result is a chain of carbons known as a carbon backbone.

**__Alkanes- The simplest type of hydrocarbons__**

 * Alkanes: **Hydrocarbons that only contain hydrogen carbon and all carbons are singly bonded.**
 * They follow the general formula C2H2n+2
 * All the bonds follow a bent chain arrangement, all the bonds form 107 degree angles with each other, and are short in length.
 * They are very strong/stable as C-C and C-H bonds are strong and hard to break.
 * Short chains are gases (methane-butane). C5-C15 are liquids and any higher are oils.

Chapter 22 Hydrocarbon Compounds

I. Hydrocarbons A. Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons 1. Hydrocarbons – the simplest organic compounds contain only carbon and hydrogen 2. Because carbon has four valence electrons, a carbon atom always forms four covalent bonds B. Alkanes 1. Alkane – a hydrocarbon in which there are only single covalent bonds 2. The carbon atoms in an alkane can be arranged in a straight chain or in a chain that has branches. 3. Straight-chain alkanes – a chain which contains any number of carbon atoms, one after the other 4. Homologous series – a group of compounds forms this if there is a constant increment of change in molecular structure from one compound in the series to the next 5. Condensed structural formula – some bands and/ or atoms are left out of the structural formula 6. Substituent – an atom or group of atoms that can take the place of a hydrogen atom on a parent hydrocarbon molecule 7. Alkyl group – a hydrocarbon substituent 8. Branched-chain alkane – an alkane with one or more alkyl groups C. Properties of Alkanes 1. Molecules of hydrocarbons, such as alkanes, are nonpolar molecules II. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons A. Alkenes 1. Saturated compounds – organic compounds that contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms per carbon atom 2. Unsaturated compounds – compounds that contain double or triple carbon-carbon bonds 3. Alkenes – hydrocarbons that contain one or more carbon-carbon double covalent bonds 4. At least one carbon-carbon bond in an alkene is a double covalent bond. Other bonds may be single carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds B. Alkynes 1. Alkynes – hydrocarbons that contain one or more carbon-carbon triple covalent bonds 2. At least one carbon-carbon bond in an alkyne is a triple covalent bond. Other bonds may be single or double carbon-carbon bonds and single carbon-hydrogen bonds. 3. Aliphatic hydrocarbons – straight-chain and branched-chain alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes III. Isomers A. Structural Isomers 1. Isomers – compounds that have the same molecular formula but different molecular structures 2. Structural isomers – compounds that have the same molecular formula, but the atoms are joined together in a different order 3. Structural isomers differ in physical properties such as boiling point and melting point. They also have different chemical reactivities. B. Stereoisomers 1. Stereoisomers – molecules in which the atoms are joined in the same order, but the positions of the atoms in space are different. 2. Two types of stereoisomers are geometric isomers and optical isomers 3. Geometric isomers – atoms joined in the same order, but differ in the orientation of groups around a double bond 4. Trans configuration – the methyl groups are on opposite sides of the double bond 5. Cis configuration – the methyl groups are on the same side of the double bond. 6. Asymmetric carbon – a carbon with four different atoms or groups attached 7. Optical isomers – pairs of molecules that differ only in the way that four different groups are arranged around a central carbon IV. Hydrocarbon Rings A. Cyclic Hydrocarbons 1. In some hydrocarbon compounds, the carbon chain is in the form of a ring. 2. Cyclic hydrocarbons – compounds that contain a hydrocarbon ring B. Aromatic Hydrocarbons 1. Aromatic compound – an organic compound that contains a benzene ring or other ring in which the bonding is like that of benzene. 2. In a benzene molecule, the bonding electrons between carbon atoms are shared evenly around the ring. V. Hydrocarbons From Earth’s Crust A. Natural Gas 1. Natural gas is an important source of alkanes of low molar mass. B. Petroleum 1. The refining process starts with the distillation of petroleum (crude oil) into fractions according to boiling point. 2. cracking – a controlled process by which hydrocarbons are broken down or rearranged into smaller, more useful molecules C. Coal 1. Coal is classified by its hardness and carbon content. 2. Coal consists largely of condensed aromatic compounds of extremely high molar mass. These compounds have a high proportion of carbon compared with hydrogen.

¦ ¦ R---C-H || ¦ ¦ R---C--R || ¦ ¦ R---COH || ¦ ¦ R--C--O---R || ¦ ¦ RC-NH2 ||
 * **Functional Group** || **Compound Type** || **Compound Structure** ||
 * Halogen || halocarbon || Any hydrogen replaced by a halogen. ||
 * Hydroxyl || alcohol || R - OH ||
 * Ether || ether || R - O -- R ||
 * Carbonyl || aldehyde || O
 * Carbonyl || ketone || O
 * Carboxyl || carboxylic acid || O
 * Ester || ester || O
 * Amino || amine || RNH2 ||
 * Amide || amide || O

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