16+Solutions

=Objectives= 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4
 * What factors determine the rate at which a substance disslove?
 * How is solubility usually expressed?
 * What conditions determine the amount of solute that will dissolve in a given solvent?
 * How do you calculate the molarity of a solution?
 * What effect does dilution have on the total moles of solute in solution?
 * What are two ways to express the percent concentration of a solution?
 * What are three colligative properties of solutions?
 * What factor determines the amount by which a solution's vapor pressure, freezing point, and boiling point differ from those properties of the solvent?
 * What are two ways of expressing the concentration of a solution?
 * How are freezing-point depression and boiling-point elevation related to molality?

=Outlined Notes= 16.1 properties of solutions A. Solution formation B. Solubility C. Factors affecting solubility
 * 1) The compostions of the solvent and the solute determine whether a substance will dissolve. Stirring, temperature. and the surface area of the dissolving partcles determine how fast the substance will dissolve.
 * 1) **__saturated solution-__** contatins the maximum amount of solute for a given quantity of solvent at constant temperature and pressure.
 * 2) **__soluability-__** the amount of solute htat dissolves in a given quantity of a solvent at a specified temperature and pressure to produce a saturated solution
 * 3) Soluability is often expressed in grams of solute per 100g of solvent.
 * 4) **__unsaturated solution-__** a solution that contains less solute than a saturated solution at a given temperature and pressure.
 * 5) Two liquids are **__miscible__** if they dissolve in each other in all proportions
 * 6) Liquids that are insoluble in one another are **__immiscible.__**
 * 1) Temperature affects the solubility of solid, liquid, and gaseous solutes in a solvent; both temperature and pressure affct the solubility of gaseous solutes.
 * 2) **__supersaturated solution-__** contains more solute than it can theoretically hold at a given temperature.
 * 3) **__Henry's Law-__** states that at a given temperature, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas above the liquid.



= William Henry (chemist)= = = =Reference Pages= i l v e r || A l u m i n u m || A r s e n i c || B a r i u m || B i s m u t h || C a l c i u m || C a d m i u m || C o b a l t || C h r o m i u m ( I I I ) || C o p p e r ( I ) || C o p p e r ( I I ) || I r o n ( I I ) || I r o n ( I I I ) || H y d r o g e n || L i t h i u m || M e r c u r y ( I ) || M e r c u r y ( I I ) || P o t a s s i u m || M a g n e s i u m || M a n g a n e s e ( I I ) || S o d i u m || A m m o n i u m || N i c k e l || L e a d ( I I ) || L e a d ( I V ) || A n t i m o n y || T i n ( I I ) || T i n ( I V ) || S t r o n t i u m || Z i n c ||
 * []**
 * || S
 * ||  || Ag+ || Al+3 || As+3 || Ba+2 || Bi+3 || Ca+2 || Cd+2 || Co+2 || Cr+3 || Cu+ || Cu+2 || Fe+2 || Fe+3 || H+ || Li+ || Hg2+2 || Hg+2 || K+ || Mg+2 || Mn+2 || Na+ || NH4+ || Ni+2 || Pb+2 || Pb+4 || Sb+3 || Sn+2 || Sn+4 || Sr+2 || Zn+2 ||
 * Acetate || CH3COO-1 || [|S] || S || U || U || S || I || S || S || S || U || S || U || S || S || S || S || S || S || S || sS || I || S || S || I || D || S || U || U || S || S ||
 * Arsenate || AsO4-3 || I || I || X || I || I || I || I || I || I || X || I || I || I || X || X || I || I || S || I || I || S || S || I || I || X || I || I || I || I || I ||
 * Arsenite || AsO3-3 || I || U || X || I || U || I || U || I || U || X || I || I || I || X || X || I || I || S || I || I || S || S || I || I || X || I || I || U || I || I ||
 * Bromide || Br-1 || S || S || D || D || S || D || S || S || S || S || S || S || S || S || S || I || S || S || I || S || I || S || S || I || U || S || U || S/D || S || S ||
 * Carbonate || CO3-2 || U || S || U || U || I || U || I || I || U || I || I || U || I || I || sS || I || S || I || I || I || I || I || S || I || U || S || U || U || I || I ||
 * Chlorate || ClO3-1 || S || S || U || U || S || U || S || S || U || U || S || U || S || U || S || S || S || S || S || X || S || I || S || S || U || S || U || U || S || S ||
 * Chloride || Cl-1 || S || S || S || D || S || D || S || S || S || I || S || S || S || S || S || I || S || S || S || S || I || S || S || I || U || S || S || S/D || S || S ||
 * Ferricyanide || Fe(CN)6-3 || I || U || X || sS || U || S || I || I || U || X || I || I || S || X || X || U || I || S || S || I || S || S || I || Ss || X || U || I || U || S || I ||
 * Ferrocyanide || Fe(CN)6-4 || I || sS || X || sS || sS || S || U || I || U || X || I || I || I || X || X || U || I || S || S || I || S || S || I || I || X || U || I || I || S || I ||
 * Fluoride || F-1 || S || S || X || I || S || I || S || S || S || X || I || I || sS || S || S || X || X || S || I || S || S || S || I || I || X || S/D || S || X || I || I ||
 * Hydroxide || OH-1 || I || U || U || U || S || D || I || I || I || I || I || I || I || I || S || I || H2O || I || U || I || U || I || S || U || U || S || I || I || I || I ||
 * Iodide || I-1 || S || S || D || S || S || I || S || S || I || I || S || U || U || S || S || I || S || S || I || S || I || S || S || I || U || S || S || S || S || S ||
 * Nitrate || NO3-1 || S || S || U || U || S || D || S || S || S || U || S || S || S || S || S || S || S || S || S || S || D || S || S || S || U || S || U || S || S || S ||
 * Oxalate || C2O4-2 || I || I || I || U || I || D || I || I || S || I || I || S || I || I || S || I || S || I || I || sS || I || I || S || I || I || S || I || S || I || I ||
 * Oxide || O-2 || I || U || I || I || S || I || I || I || I || I || I || I || I || I || S || I || H2O || I || I || I || I || I || D || I || I || D || I || I || I || I ||
 * Phosphate || PO4-3 || I || S || U || U || I || I || I || I || I || U || I || I || I || I || sS || I || S || I || U || I || U || I || S || I || U || S || U || I || I || I ||
 * Silicate || Si(OH)6-2 || I || U || U || U || S || I || I || I || U || X || I || U || U || I || X || I || I || I || U || I || U || U || S || U || X || S || U || U || I || I ||
 * Sulfate || SO4-2 || S || S || D || U || I || D || S || I || S || D || S || S || S || S || S || I || S || S || D || S || I || S || S || I || U || S || S || S || I || S ||
 * Sulfide || S-2 || D || S || D || I || D || I || I || I || I || I || I || I || I || I || S || I || S || D || I || I || I || I || S || I || U || S || I || I || I || I ||
 * Sulfite || SO3-2 || U || S || U || U || I || U || I || I || I || X || I || Ss || U || I || X || I || S || S || U || I || U || I || S || I || X || S || U || U || I || I ||
 * Thiocyanate || SCN-1 || I || U || X || S || U || S || sS || S || S || sS || I || S || S || X || X || I || S || S || S || S || S || S || S || I || X || U || U || S || S || S ||
 * Thiosulfate || S2O3-2 || Ss || U || X || sS || U || sS || U || U || U || X || U || S || U || X || X || U || U || S || S || U || S || S || U || I || X || U || U || U || S || U ||

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